Biotin (B7)
Required covalent cofactor for all four human carboxylase enzymes - essential for fatty acid synthesis, gluconeogenesis, and amino acid catabolism. Also required for histone biotinylation: epigenetic gene regulation. 50mcg = 100× UK NRV.
Mechanism
Biotin is covalently attached to all four human biotin-dependent carboxylase enzymes: pyruvate carboxylase (gluconeogenesis), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (fatty acid synthesis), propionyl-CoA carboxylase (odd-chain fatty acid catabolism), and 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase (leucine catabolism). These enzymes collectively regulate glucose production, fatty acid metabolism, and amino acid breakdown.
Beyond metabolism, biotin also functions in epigenetic regulation - it is covalently attached to histones by biotinidase and holocarboxylase synthetase, affecting chromatin structure and gene expression. The UK NRV of 0.5mcg is a minimum deficiency threshold; the 50mcg dose in this formula targets the tissue saturation levels studied in hair and nail keratin synthesis trials.
Key Benefits
- Obligate covalent cofactor for all four carboxylase enzymes
- Required for de novo fatty acid synthesis
- Supports gluconeogenesis (glucose production)
- Histone biotinylation - epigenetic gene regulation
- 50mcg = 100× UK NRV
Biotin (B7)
100mcgD-Biotin - pharmaceutical grade
Any time of day. Water-soluble - no timing requirements. 50mcg = 100× the UK NRV of 0.5mcg.