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RESEARCH

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PubMed-verified citations behind every dose in Rōnin Daily Formula.

Every ingredient in Rōnin is here because peer-reviewed evidence supports it at the dose we use. Every PMID below was validated against NCBI E-utilities before publication. Where the GB Nutrition & Health Claims Register has authorised wording at our dose, the substance carries a GB-NHC marker.

Find a citation that doesn’t hold up? Email hello@kojo.life. We fix within 24 hours and credit the correction in our changelog.

46 substances8 body systems25 GB-NHC authorisedVerified 2026-06-04

Performance & Recovery

Creatine Monohydrate5,000mgGB-NHC

Show 5 citations
  1. Kreider RB, et al. (2017). J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 14:18. PubMed →
  2. Branch JD. (2003). Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 13(2):198–226. PubMed →
  3. Rae C, et al. (2003). Proc Biol Sci. 270(1529):2147–50. PubMed →
  4. Rawson ES, Volek JS. (2003). J Strength Cond Res. 17(4):822–31. PubMed →
  5. Forbes SC, et al. (2022). Nutrients. 14(5):921. PubMed →

Taurine2,000mg

Show 3 citations
  1. Huxtable RJ. (1992). Physiol Rev. 72(1):101–63. PubMed →
  2. Ripps H, Shen W. (2012). Mol Vis. 18:2673–86. PubMed →
  3. Singh P, et al. (2023). Science. 380(6649):eabn9257. PubMed →

Glycine2,000mg

Show 3 citations
  1. Bannai M, Kawai N. (2012). J Pharmacol Sci. 118(2):145–8. PubMed →
  2. Kumar P, et al. (2021). Clin Transl Med. 11(3):e372. PubMed →
  3. Ramos-Jiménez A, et al. (2024). Sports (Basel). 12(10):265. PubMed →

Cognitive Function & Stress

Bacopa Monnieri300mg

Show 3 citations
  1. Kongkeaw C, et al. (2014). J Ethnopharmacol. 151(1):528–35. PubMed →
  2. Stough C, et al. (2001). Psychopharmacology. 156(4):481–4. PubMed →
  3. Lopresti AL, et al. (2025). Clin Drug Investig. 45(12). PubMed →

Rhodiola Rosea350mg

Show 4 citations
  1. Olsson EM, et al. (2009). Planta Med. 75(2):105–12. PubMed →
  2. Shevtsov VA, et al. (2003). Phytomedicine. 10(2–3):95–105. PubMed →
  3. Ishaque S, et al. (2012). BMC Complement Altern Med. 12:70. PubMed →
  4. Anghelescu IG, et al. (2018). Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 22(4):242–52. PubMed →

L-Theanine200mg

Show 3 citations
  1. Owen GN, et al. (2008). Nutr Neurosci. 11(4):193–8. PubMed →
  2. Hidese S, et al. (2019). Nutrients. 11(10):2362. PubMed →
  3. Nobre AC, et al. (2008). Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 17 Suppl 1:167–8. PubMed →

Matcha Green Tea2,000mg

Show 3 citations
  1. Dietz C, et al. (2017). Nutrients. 9(1):49. PubMed →
  2. Baba Y, et al. (2021). Nutrients. 13(5):1700. PubMed →
  3. Türközü D, Şanlıer N. (2017). Nutr Neurosci. 20(5):283–93. PubMed →

Choline Bitartrate1,000mgGB-NHC

Show 3 citations
  1. Zeisel SH, da Costa KA. (2009). Nutr Rev. 67(11):615–23. PubMed →
  2. Wallace TC. (2018). Nutr Today. 53(6):240–53. PubMed →
  3. Trujillo-Gonzalez I, et al. (2026). Am J Clin Nutr. advance access. PubMed →

Algal DHA250mg DHAGB-NHC

Show 3 citations
  1. Stonehouse W. (2014). Nutrients. 6(7):2730–58. PubMed →
  2. Yurko-Mauro K, et al. (2010). Alzheimers Dement. 6(6):456–64. PubMed →
  3. Maltais M, et al. (2022). Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 178:102415. PubMed →

Pine Bark Extract150mg

Show 3 citations
  1. Ryan J, et al. (2008). J Psychopharmacol. 22(5):553–62. PubMed →
  2. Luzzi R, et al. (2011). Panminerva Med. 53(3 Suppl 1):75–82. PubMed →
  3. Belcaro G, et al. (2024). Minerva Med. advance access. PubMed →

Antioxidant & Cellular Defence

Ubiquinol (CoQ10)100mg

Show 4 citations
  1. Langsjoen PH, Langsjoen AM. (2014). Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 3(1):13–7. PubMed →
  2. Mantle D, Dybring A. (2020). Antioxidants (Basel). 9(5):386. PubMed →
  3. Ernster L, Dallner G. (1995). Biochim Biophys Acta. 1271(1):195–204. PubMed →
  4. Zozina VI, et al. (2018). Curr Cardiol Rev. 14(3):164–74. PubMed →

N-Acetyl Cysteine600mg

Show 4 citations
  1. Aldini G, et al. (2018). Free Radic Res. 52(7):751–62. PubMed →
  2. Tenório MCDS, et al. (2021). Antioxidants (Basel). 10(6):967. PubMed →
  3. Šalamon Š, et al. (2019). Antioxidants (Basel). 8(5):111. PubMed →
  4. Aquilano K, et al. (2014). Front Pharmacol. 5:196. PubMed →

Alpha Lipoic Acid200mg

Show 4 citations
  1. Packer L, et al. (1995). Free Radic Biol Med. 19(2):227–50. PubMed →
  2. Shay KP, et al. (2009). Biochim Biophys Acta. 1790(10):1149–60. PubMed →
  3. Isenmann E, et al. (2020). J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 17(1):61. PubMed →
  4. Ziegler D, et al. (2004). Diabet Med. 21(2):114–21. PubMed →

Vitamin C500mgGB-NHC

Show 3 citations
  1. Carr AC, Maggini S. (2017). Nutrients. 9(11):1211. PubMed →
  2. Padayatty SJ, et al. (2004). Ann Intern Med. 140(7):533–7. PubMed →
  3. Michels AJ, Frei B. (2013). Nutrients. 5(12):5161–92. PubMed →

Grape Seed Extract200mg

Show 3 citations
  1. Feringa HH, et al. (2011). J Am Diet Assoc. 111(8):1173–81. PubMed →
  2. Schön C, et al. (2021). Nutrients. 13(2):654. PubMed →
  3. Weseler AR, Bast A. (2010). Curr Hypertens Rep. 12(3):154–61. PubMed →

Vitamin E (Mixed Tocopherols)15mg α-TEGB-NHC

Show 3 citations
  1. Jiang Q. (2014). Free Radic Biol Med. 72:76–90. PubMed →
  2. Peh HY, et al. (2016). Pharmacol Ther. 162:152–69. PubMed →
  3. Ghani SMA, et al. (2019). Clinics (Sao Paulo). 74:e688. PubMed →

Mixed Carotenoids (Vit A)750µg RAEGB-NHC

Show 3 citations
  1. Stahl W, Sies H. (2012). Mol Nutr Food Res. 56(2):287–95. PubMed →
  2. Kruger J, et al. (2024). Eur J Nutr. advance access. PubMed →
  3. Chen X, et al. (2024). Biogerontology. 26(1):24. PubMed →

Selenium (Selenomethionine)100µgGB-NHC

Show 3 citations
  1. Rayman MP. (2012). Lancet. 379(9822):1256–68. PubMed →
  2. Fairweather-Tait SJ, et al. (2011). Antioxid Redox Signal. 14(7):1337–83. PubMed →
  3. Jäger T, et al. (2016). Arch Toxicol. 90(1):149–58. PubMed →

Cardiovascular & Metabolic

Aged Garlic Extract600mg

Show 3 citations
  1. Ried K. (2016). J Nutr. 146(2):389S–396S. PubMed →
  2. Ried K. (2020). Exp Ther Med. 19(2):1472–81. PubMed →
  3. Ashraf R, et al. (2013). Pak J Pharm Sci. 26(5):859–63. PubMed →

Olive Leaf Extract500mg

Show 3 citations
  1. Susalit E, et al. (2011). Phytomedicine. 18(4):251–8. PubMed →
  2. Lockyer S, et al. (2017). Eur J Nutr. 56(3):1169–85. PubMed →
  3. Stevens Y, et al. (2021). Eur J Nutr. 60(4):2273–85. PubMed →

Vitamin K2 MK-7180µgGB-NHC

Show 3 citations
  1. Geleijnse JM, et al. (2004). J Nutr. 134(11):3100–5. PubMed →
  2. Knapen MH, et al. (2013). Osteoporos Int. 24(9):2499–507. PubMed →
  3. Vermeer C. (2012). Food Nutr Res. 56:5329. PubMed →

Potassium Chloride300mgGB-NHC

Show 3 citations
  1. Aburto NJ, et al. (2013). BMJ. 346:f1378. PubMed →
  2. Huang L, et al. (2021). J Hum Hypertens. 35(6):510–18. PubMed →
  3. Farapti F, et al. (2022). F1000Res. 11:1198. PubMed →

Chromium Picolinate200µgGB-NHC

Show 3 citations
  1. Anderson RA. (1998). J Am Coll Nutr. 17(6):548–55. PubMed →
  2. Cefalu WT, Hu FB. (2004). Diabetes Care. 27(11):2741–51. PubMed →
  3. Östman E, et al. (2020). PLoS One. 15(7):e0234237. PubMed →

Gut Health & Microbiome

Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 60862 billion CFU

Show 4 citations
  1. Hun L. (2009). Postgrad Med. 121(2):119–24. PubMed →
  2. Baron M. (2009). Postgrad Med. 121(2):114–8. PubMed →
  3. Jäger R, et al. (2016). PeerJ. 4:e2276. PubMed →
  4. Dolin BJ. (2009). Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 31(10):655–9. PubMed →

Tributyrin500mg

Show 3 citations
  1. Canani RB, et al. (2011). World J Gastroenterol. 17(12):1519–28. PubMed →
  2. Louis P, et al. (2014). Nat Rev Microbiol. 12(10):661–72. PubMed →
  3. Duysburgh C, et al. (2025). Front Nutr. 12. PubMed →

Ginger Root Extract500mg

Show 3 citations
  1. Black CD, et al. (2010). J Pain. 11(9):894–903. PubMed →
  2. Daily JW, et al. (2015). Pain Med. 16(12):2243–55. PubMed →
  3. Mao QQ, et al. (2019). Foods. 8(6):185. PubMed →

MCT Powder1,500mg

Show 3 citations
  1. St-Onge MP, Jones PJ. (2002). J Nutr. 132(3):329–32. PubMed →
  2. Augustin K, et al. (2018). Lancet Neurol. 17(1):84–93. PubMed →
  3. Ashton JS, et al. (2023). Physiol Behav. 269:114270. PubMed →

B-Complex & Essential Vitamins

Vitamin D3 (algae-derived)2,000 IU · 50µgGB-NHC

Show 5 citations
  1. Holick MF. (2007). N Engl J Med. 357(3):266–81. PubMed →
  2. Tripkovic L, et al. (2012). Am J Clin Nutr. 95(6):1357–64. PubMed →
  3. Pludowski P, et al. (2013). Autoimmun Rev. 12(10):976–89. PubMed →
  4. Pilz S, et al. (2011). Horm Metab Res. 43(3):223–5. PubMed →
  5. Martineau AR, et al. (2017). BMJ. 356:i6583. PubMed →

Methylcobalamin (B12)500µgGB-NHC

Show 3 citations
  1. Watanabe F. (2007). Exp Biol Med. 232(10):1266–74. PubMed →
  2. Vogiatzoglou A, et al. (2008). Neurology. 71(11):826–32. PubMed →
  3. Zhou L, et al. (2023). Nutr Hosp. 40(4):793–801. PubMed →

Quatrefolic 5-MTHF Folate400µg DFEGB-NHC

Show 3 citations
  1. Scaglione F, Panzavolta G. (2014). Xenobiotica. 44(5):480–8. PubMed →
  2. Prinz-Langenohl R, et al. (2009). Br J Pharmacol. 158(8):2014–21. PubMed →
  3. Greenberg JA, et al. (2011). Rev Obstet Gynecol. 4(2):52–9. PubMed →

Niacinamide (B3)500mgGB-NHC

Show 3 citations
  1. Mehmel M, et al. (2020). Nutrients. 12(6):1616. PubMed →
  2. Massudi H, et al. (2012). PLoS One. 7(7):e42357. PubMed →
  3. Kolotyeva NA, et al. (2024). Biomolecules. 14(12):1556. PubMed →

Pantothenic Acid (B5)6mgGB-NHC

Show 4 citations
  1. Tahiliani AG, Beinlich CJ. (1991). Vitam Horm. 46:165–228. PubMed →
  2. Wedman JJ, et al. (2024). J Inherit Metab Dis. 47(1):69–86. PubMed →
  3. Freese R, et al. (2023). Food Nutr Res. 67. PubMed →
  4. Miallot R, et al. (2023). Eur J Immunol. 53(10):e2350435. PubMed →

P-5-P (B6)2.8mgGB-NHC

Show 3 citations
  1. Rall LC, Meydani SN. (1993). Nutr Rev. 51(8):217–25. PubMed →
  2. Stover PJ, Field MS. (2015). Adv Nutr. 6(1):132–3. PubMed →
  3. Ito T. (2022). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 86(11):1457–66. PubMed →

Riboflavin (B2)2.8mgGB-NHC

Show 3 citations
  1. Powers HJ. (2003). Am J Clin Nutr. 77(6):1352–60. PubMed →
  2. Gnaiger E. (2024). J Biol Chem. 300(2):105663. PubMed →
  3. Bogataj Jontez N, et al. (2024). Nutrients. 16(11):1611. PubMed →

Thiamine (B1)2.2mgGB-NHC

Show 3 citations
  1. Lonsdale D. (2006). Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 3(1):49–59. PubMed →
  2. Sambon M, et al. (2021). Int J Mol Sci. 22(11):5418. PubMed →
  3. Dhir S, et al. (2019). Front Psychiatry. 10:207. PubMed →

Biotin (B7)100µgGB-NHC

Show 3 citations
  1. Zempleni J, et al. (2009). Biofactors. 35(1):36–46. PubMed →
  2. Patel DP, et al. (2017). Skin Appendage Disord. 3(3):166–9. PubMed →
  3. Jungert A, et al. (2022). Eur J Nutr. 61(4):1779–87. PubMed →

Minerals, Electrolytes & Trace Elements

Magnesium Bisglycinate200mg elementalGB-NHC

Show 5 citations
  1. de Baaij JH, et al. (2015). Physiol Rev. 95(1):1–46. PubMed →
  2. Schuchardt JP, Hahn A. (2017). Curr Nutr Food Sci. 13(4):260–78. PubMed →
  3. Nielsen FH, et al. (2010). Magnes Res. 23(4):158–68. PubMed →
  4. Abbasi B, et al. (2012). J Res Med Sci. 17(12):1161–9. PubMed →
  5. Pajuelo D, et al. (2024). Nutrients. 16(24):4367. PubMed →

Zinc Bisglycinate16mg elementalGB-NHC

Show 3 citations
  1. Haase H, Rink L. (2014). BioFactors. 40(1):27–40. PubMed →
  2. Wessels I, et al. (2017). Nutrients. 9(12):1286. PubMed →
  3. Devarshi PP, et al. (2024). Nutrients. 16(23):4034. PubMed →

Iodine150µgGB-NHC

Show 3 citations
  1. Zimmermann MB. (2009). Endocr Rev. 30(4):376–408. PubMed →
  2. Pearce EN, et al. (2015). Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 3(9):671–2. PubMed →
  3. Hallam P, et al. (2024). Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. 100:43–54. PubMed →

Copper Bisglycinate2mg elementalGB-NHC

Show 3 citations
  1. Turnlund JR. (1998). Am J Clin Nutr. 67(5 Suppl):960S–4S. PubMed →
  2. Einhorn V, et al. (2024). J Trace Elem Med Biol. 81:127362. PubMed →
  3. Bost M, et al. (2016). J Trace Elem Med Biol. 35:107–15. PubMed →

Manganese Bisglycinate2mg elementalGB-NHC

Show 3 citations
  1. Aschner JL, Aschner M. (2005). Mol Aspects Med. 26(4–5):353–62. PubMed →
  2. Nyarko-Danquah I, et al. (2020). Molecules. 25(24):5907. PubMed →
  3. Fekete M, et al. (2024). Nutrients. 16(23):4118. PubMed →

Sodium Molybdate75µgGB-NHC

Show 3 citations
  1. Schwarz G, Mendel RR. (2005). Cell Mol Life Sci. 62(23):2792–810. PubMed →
  2. Oskarsson A, Kippler M. (2023). Food Nutr Res. 67. PubMed →
  3. Shenkin A. (2024). Clin Nutr ESPEN. 62:200–11. PubMed →

Himalayan Pink Salt1,000mg

Show 3 citations
  1. Shirreffs SM, Sawka MN. (2011). J Sports Sci. 29 Suppl 1:S39–46. PubMed →
  2. Maughan RJ, Leiper JB. (1995). Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 71(4):311–9. PubMed →
  3. Li H, et al. (2024). Nutrients. 16(11):1654. PubMed →

Botanical Extracts & Whole Foods

Moringa Leaf Powder2,500mg

Show 3 citations
  1. Mbikay M. (2012). Front Pharmacol. 3:24. PubMed →
  2. Crișan D, et al. (2025). Nutrients. 17(22). PubMed →
  3. Setyawati E, et al. (2024). Afr J Reprod Health. 28(11). PubMed →

Yuzu Extract250mg

Show 3 citations
  1. Yoo KM, et al. (2004). J Agric Food Chem. 52(19):5907–13. PubMed →
  2. Matsumoto T, Kimura T, Hayashi T. (2016). Biopsychosoc Med. 10:11. PubMed →
  3. Ohkubo Y, et al. (2022). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 86(2):204–12. PubMed →

Xylitol750mg

Show 3 citations
  1. Mäkinen KK. (2011). Med Princ Pract. 20(4):303–20. PubMed →
  2. Nayak PA, et al. (2014). Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 6:89–94. PubMed →
  3. Shakhsi Niaee M, et al. (2024). Sci Rep. 14(1):16742. PubMed →